Descartes knows that he is a thinking thing. This knowledge implies a criterion for certain, indubitable knowledge. If one doubts that means that one thinks. I am doubting now, therefore I am thinking now. I see this both clearly and distinctly, that is to say this knowledge is present to my mind and I distinguish the idea of myself thinking accurately from other ideas. I could not be certain of the fact that I am thinking if clear and distinct ideas could ever be false. So I can now say that everything that I perceive clearly and distinctly is ipso facto true.
If spelled out, Descartes argument goes like this:
(1)It is certain that I am thinking if I am doubting
(2)That I am thinking if I am doubting is clear and distinct knowledge
(3)If something is clear and distinct, then it cannot be false
(4)That I am thinking if I am doubting is clear and distinct (from 2)
(5)That I am thinking if I am doubting cannot be false (from 3 and 4)
The point, then, is to find out what other beliefs, if any, can be shown to be necessarily true. It is in this context that Descartes will present his two arguments for the existence of God. In the third Meditation the question is of what I can be sure, and more particularly of what beliefs about the external world (reality independent of me) I can be sure that they are true.
It seems a hard and fast fact that two and three make five. But even what seems most certain could be false if there were a God who deceived me. Even if I am being deceived, however, I am still thinking, of that I am sure. And I have no reason to think there is a deceiving God; moreover, I don’t even know if there is a God in the first place. Since God has this architectural spot in the argument, it is crucial to find out if He exists. The concept of God is central to the argument.
Strictly speaking, Descartes’ arguments concern thoughts or beliefs.
He divides thoughts into several different classes.
How do I know if the thought that God exists is necessarily true? To answer this question Descartes investigates the concept of the idea. An idea is an image of a thing. I have an idea of something if I think of that something, a man, a heaven, a chimera, an angel, or a God. Thoughts can also have other forms, volition, fear, assent, denial that also take something as the object of the thought. The idea here is not just the image that is similar to the thing it pictures. These classes or ways of thought can be divided into volitions, passions and judgements.
If an idea is considered simpliciter it cannot be false in the strict sense. “Whether I imagine a goat or a chimera, it is equally true of both I that I imagine them”. Volitions and wishes also cannot be false: I can wish something to be the case and thereby it is not false that I so wish. The only class of thought that is strictly speaking either true or false is a judgement. I can only make a mistake when I take an idea to refer to something outside of me. As long as I merely consider ideas as modes of thought they can hardly lead me astray.
The next question Descartes asks is where the several ideas have their origin. Some ideas are innate, such as the ideas of things, truth and thought, others I have acquired such as sound, sun and fire (they come from outside of me), yet again others, such as sirens and hippogryphs, I have produced myself. In Meditation 3 Descartes is interested primarily in ideas that come from outside of me – ideas of the external world.
Why do I consider particular sorts of ideas to be equal to the things of which they appear to be images?
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